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Charles I became king in 1625 at his father's death.
The problem between king and Parliament started with his father was not solved yet, because James I didn't want to have a confrontation with the <Puritan Party.
reason of disorder between the king and the parliament
- The Puritans were mainly people of the middle class and they wanted a true balance between the King and the Parliament: Puritans had the majority in Parliament.
Charles, instead, believed in the divine right of the kings.
- The king was involved also in the war with Spain that cost a lot of money to England.
- In 1628 the Parliament prepared the Petition of Rights, in which it wanted to limit the king's power in imposing taxes without Parliament's consent, in imprisoning subjects without a trial, in introducing martial law in peace time.
- Formally Charles accepted this Petition, but he dissolved the Parliament 838d35i in 1629 and he ruled without Parliament for 11 years.
- To finance his Government he used the taxes called "ship money" that was money paid by the sea town in order to build ships. Charles said that all the towns had to pay this tax because the Navy was important for the defence of the whole country.
Charles married Henriette Marie, the Catholic daughter of the king of France
He appointed an enemy of Puritans, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury.
When in 1640 Charles had to call the Parliament again in order to obtain money , required to subdue the Scottish rebellions, the Parliament refused the King's request. It was the so called Short Parliament because it lasted only 3 weeks
Always in the same year the Parliament was summoned again, and it was the >long Parliament because it lasted till 1653, but instead to give money to the king, it limited his divine right , the Archbishop of Canterbury was impeached and imprisoned and Charles was asked to leave the command of the Army, he refused and the Civil War started in 1642.
When the Civil War broke out there were two opposing forces:
Oliver Cromwell was a leader of the Puritans and their representative in the Parliament from 1640.
He was also the leader of the cavalry and with his men , the Ironmen, he defeated the king, that was imprisoned in 1647.
Cromwell took the control of the Government and arrested more than 100 members of the Parliament, The remaining formed the Rump Parliament and they declared the execution of the king that occurred in 1649 (30th January).
After that the monarchy was abolished, and England became a republic with the name of Commonwealth.
In Parliament there was only the House of Common, because the House of Lords was abolished because it was considered dangerous.
Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. In 1653..
He had a positive foreign policy, reorganized the Navy, he reused the Navigation Acts, against Holland. This brought to a war against Holland that was defeated. . In 1655 England won also against the Spain in the Caribbean islands.
Instead the domestic policy was negative because he had to rule on the use of the army., and people felt themselves oppressed by the severe rules of the Puritans. When he died in 1658 the Protectorate collapsed.
His son was not able to rule and after two years of chaos the New Parliament in 1660 invited Charles II to come back from exile, and the republic was over.
Cromwell would have liked to rule with democracy and to do free elections, but it wasn't possible, because the public opinion was not all in his favour; he has a series of problems:
So Cromwell for four years had to rule with the help of the army.
Also in Ireland the situation became dramatic.
Cromwell wanted to use Irish lands to pay the soldiers who had fought for him, to defeat rebellion and to extirpate Catholicism.
In Ireland he was supported by the Protestants and his opposing force was the Catholics.
Only in Ulster , where the population was largely British and Protestant he had supporters, in the other parts no, when he left Ireland the leaders of the people became the priests, because the native gentry was completely destroyed by Cromwell's army.
It was the land-ownership that gave importance in the society in this period.
The middle groups included the gentry , whose sons were sent to work into trade.
City men invested in land, and landowners were involved in trading.
Trade and transport improved, there were more markets, manufactures,
London became very big with a quarter of a million of population, it was the centre for trading , there were many companies, but it was also important6 as a centre of political, and cultural affairs.
The families were run by the fathers, whose authority was increased as a result of the puritan ideas., because he was seen as the head of the family and a spiritual and moral guide.
The Puritans were very severe. They wore simple in dark , they didn't drink, or play sports, they closed the theatres because they considered them immoral.
Religion dominated national and personal life. They complained against ecclesiastical rituals of both Catholics and Anglicans,
They didn't want a Church interpretation of the Scriptures, and the wanted a personal understanding of the Bible.
They believed in the Calvinist theory of predestination, it means that all men were born sinners and bound to damnation. Only God can save men, if they live a holy life with moral rectitude, hard work and discipline.
For this reasons Puritans considered entertainment like a sin and corruptive. Instead they were always concentrated on hard and profitable profession and on improving their social status, like signs of God's salvation.
The literature of the Puritan Age was full of austerity, introspection and self-criticism.
The most important authors were:
The prose in the Puritan Age was not very important because Puritans considered it false, the only example of prose are the sermons and the political pamphlets, that were very important.
Puritans considered theatres immoral because, they came from the medieval miracle plays, that had origin half in liturgy and half in folk plays, so they were twice damned, because they were both heathen and popish.
There was also a conflict between pulpit and stage.
Considering also that the performances were usually on Sundays, it was in conflict with their ideas oh holy days.
So they considered that the theatre was not in the grace of God.
Metaphysical means related to fundamental problems of the nature of the universe.
The metaphysical poets were men of wit , with references to religious debate, astrology, alchemy, philosophy.
They could use difficult and unusual metaphors, and images to surprise the readers.
The most important characteristics of this poetry were:
the ability to use this combination of metaphysical elements,( metaphors, similes)
the use of paradoxes and conciseness.
The poems began in media res, that is in the middle of the argument
The language was rich and varied, with Latinism and words of Anglo-saxon origin
The poems have many different forms.
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