ACTIVE - PASSIVE - VARIAZIONI ORTOGRAFICHE ALLA TERZA PERSONA DEL SIMPLE PRESENT

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ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Variazioni ortografiche alla terza persona del simple present

a) aggiungono -es anziché -s i verbi terminanti in -s, -sh, ch, -x, -z, -o: he misses; he fishes; he teaches; he boxes; he buzzes; he does;

b) la y finale si muta in i se preceduta da consonante: study→ studies; cry→cries; carry→carries; [al contrario, play→ plays.]

Variazioni ortografiche della forma in -ing

Nell'aggiungere il suffisso ‑ing si osservino le seguenti variazioni ortografiche:

a) la e muta finale cade : live→ living; write→ writing;

[Fanno eccezione: queue, queueing (fare la coda), dye, dyeing (tingere]

b) la y finale è sempre mantenuta (anche se preceduta da consonante): play→ playing; study→ studying;

c) i verbi terminanti in ‑ie trasformano il dittongo in y: die→ dying; lie→ lying; tie→ tying;

d) raddoppiano la consonante finale i verbi che terminano con una sola consonante preceduta da una sola vocale, se sono:

- monosillabi [ad eccezione di quelli che terminano in -w (bow) e -x (box)]: stop→ stopping; plan→planning:

- bisillabi accentati sulla 2a sillaba: prefer→ preferring; transmit→transmitting; begin→beginning; forget→forgetting; [ma: enter→entering; open→opening];

- bisillabi terminanti in ‑1: rebel→ rebelling; travel→ travelling [ma: peel→peeling];

- i seguenti verbi: dial→dialling; fuel→fuelling; handicap→handicapping; kidnap→kidnapping; worship→worshipping.

Nell'americano la finale raddoppia solo se la sillaba è accentata: rebel→rebelling; control→controlling; compel→compelling; fulfil→fulfilling; [ma: travel→traveling; quarrel→quarreling; signal→signaling; cancel→canceling].

Hanno due forme possibili i verbi: benefit→benefit(t)ing; focus→focus(s)ing; bias→bias(s)ing.

I verbi in ‑ic aggiungono una k prima del suffisso ‑ing: panic→panicking; picnic→picnicking; mimic→mimicking.

Variazioni ortografiche della forma in -ed del simple past e del past participle regolari

Nell'aggiungere il suffisso ‑ed si osservino le seguenti variazioni ortografiche:

a) la e muta finale cade : live→ lived; die→ died;

b) la y finale si muta in i se preceduta da consonante: study→ studied; cry→cried; carry→carried; [al contrario, play→ played];

c) raddoppiano la consonante finale i verbi che terminano con una sola consonante preceduta da una sola vocale, se sono:

- monosillabi [ad eccezione di quelli che terminano in -w (bow) e -x (box)]: stop→ stopped; plan→planned:

- bisillabi accentati sulla 2a sillaba: prefer→ preferred; transmit→transmitted; [ma: enter→entered; open→opened];

- terminanti in ‑l: rebel→ rebelled; travel→ travelled [ma: peel→peeled];

- i seguenti verbi: dial→dialled; fuel→fuelled; handicap→handicapped; kidnap→kidnapped; worship→worshipped;

Nell'americano la finale raddoppia solo se la sillaba è accentata: rebel→rebelled; control→controlled; compel→compelled; fulfil→fulfilled; [ma: travel→traveled; quarrel→quarreled; signal→signaled; cancel→canceled].

Hanno due forme possibili i verbi: benefit→benefit(t)ed; focus→focus(s)ed bias→bias(s)ed.

I verbi in ‑ic aggiungono una k prima del suffisso ‑ing: panic→panicked; picnic→picnicked; mimic→mimicked.

ACTIVE

simple present    he watches the bugs.

I'll be happy if he watches the bugs.

simple present (emphatic) he does watch bugs.

present progressive   he is watching the bugs .

tomorrow he is watching the bugs.

he is always watching bugs!

simple past he watched the bugs.

he used to watch bugs.

I would be happy if he watched the bugs.

I wish he watched the bugs.

I'd rather he watched the bugs.

it's about time he watched the bugs.

simple past (emphatic) he did watch the bugs!

past progressive he was watching the bugs.

he told me that he was watching bugs the next day.

he was always watching bugs!

present perfect simple  he has never watched bugs.

he has watched bugs for ages.

it is the first time he has watched bugs.

present perfect progressive    he has been watching bugs since 1 February.

past perfect simple    he had never watched bugs.

he had watched bugs for ages.

it was the first time he had watched bugs.

I would have been happy if he had watched the bugs.

I wish he had watched the bugs.

I'd rather he had watched the bugs.

past perfect progressive  he had been watching bugs for ten days.

future simple  if you want, I will watch the bugs.

"There's a creeping bug !!" "I'll watch it !"

I won't watch the bugs!

be going to form    I am/was not going to watch the bugs.

there's/was going to be a bug-slaughter!

future progressive  at this time tomorrow he will be watching bugs.

future perfect  by this time tomorrow he will have watched a great deal of bugs.

next July he will have watched bugs for ten years.

future perfect progressive  next July he will have been watching bugs for ten years.

conditional present   I would watch the bugs if I had the right attention.

he told me he would watch the bugs.

conditional progressive I would be watching the bugs now if I had the right attention.

perfect conditional   I would have watched the bugs if I had had the right attention.

I would have watched bugs for ages if I had the right attention.

perfect conditional progressive    I would have been watching bugs for ages with the right attention.

imperative  watch the bugs!

let's watch the bugs!

present participle/gerund   he likes watching bugs.

people watching bugs are not heroes.

watching the drawer he saw bugs creeping inside.

perfect participle/gerund   having watched the bugs, he decided to write a book.

present infinitive   I'd like you to watch the bugs.

present infinitive progressive   he pretends to be watching bugs.

perfect infinitive   I'd like you to have watched the bugs.

perfect infinitive progressive    he pretends to have been watching bugs for hours.

present subjunctive  God save the Queen!

God bless you!

Damn you!

if need be.

PASSIVE

simple present    the bugs are watched.

the bugs are given attention.

present progressive   the bugs are being watched.

the bugs are being given attention.

simple past the bugs were watched.

the bugs were given attention .

past progressive the bugs were being watched.

the bugs were being given attention .

present perfect   the bugs have been watched.

the bugs have been given attention .

past perfect the bugs had been watched.

the bugs had been given attention .

future simple  the bugs will be watched.

the bugs will be given attention .

future perfect  the bugs will have been watched.

the bugs will have been given attention.

present conditional   the bugs would be watched.

the bugs would be given attention .

perfect conditional   the bugs would have been watched.

the bugs would have been given attention.

present participle/gerund   bugs don't like being watched.

bugs don't like being given attention .

past participle/gerund  having been watched, the bugs felt afraid.

watched by dr. Freud , the bugs didn' t feel good.

having been given attention, the bugs became butterflies.

present infinitive   I'd like the bugs to be watched.

I'd like the bugs to be given attention .

perfect infinitive   I'd like the bugs to have been watched.

I'd like the bugs to have been given attention .

present subjunctive  Heaven be praised!